Semmelweis Egyetem Múzeumok, Történeti kronológiák
Cím: 1083 Budapest, Szigony u. 36.
Telefon: (1) 333-3316
E-mail: fulo.titkar@freemail.hu
Semmelweis Egyetem Fül- Orr- Gégészeti Múzeum
Összeállította:
Prof. Dr. Jakó Géza SOTE Alumnus a Bostoni Egyetem Emeritus professzora és Prof. Dr. Répássy Gábor a Klinika igazgatója
A múzeum 7 komponensből tevődik össze
A Királyi Pázmány Péter Egyetem Orr- Gége Fülészeti Klinikája a Rókus Kórházból költözött 1936-ban jelenlegi helyére a több, mint 100 éves (1906-ban épített) épületbe.
A gégészet – laryngológia világviszonylatban először Pesten született meg. 150 évvel ezelőtt 1858. november 13-án, amikor Czermák N. János a pesti egyetem élettan professzora bemutatta élő emberen – saját magán is – a gége indirekt tükrös vizsgálatát a Királyi Orvos Egyesületben, ezt a jelenlévők közül Balassa János professzor és Navratil Imre sebészek hamarosan élő betegeken is alkalmazták a Rókus Kórházban és megteremtettek egy új orvosi disciplinát, a Laryngológiát. Navratil Imre (1834-1919) laryngoscopia-laryngológiából lett egyetemi magántanár, majd később egyetemi nyilvános rendes tanár sebészet és laryngológiából. Ő a magyar laryngológia és világviszonylatban is e szakma úttőrője. (ábra)
Jakó professzor dédnagyapja, nagybányai Nagy Sándor, ezekben az úttőrő években Balassa asszistense volt. (Később Ugocsa megye tisztifőorvosa lett)
Navratil után Ónodi Adolf (1857-1919) lett a orr- gégészet nyilvános rendes tanára, majd 1918-tól Lénárt Zoltán volt a klinika vezetője a Rókusban, 1925-től, mint nyilvános rendes tanár.
Lénárt Zoltán (1870-1953) 1936-ban költözik a klinika jelenlegi helyére a Szigony utcába, mint az Egyesített Orr- Gége- Fülészeti Klinika igazgatója. Kiváló gégerák sebész volt.
Otológia: 1832-ben megjelenik az első magyar nyelvű könyv a fülről Felső Eőri Cseresznyés Sándortól "A hallás élőműszereiről, hallásról ezek bajairól s orvoslásukról" címmel (Kép)
Bőke Gyula (1832-1918), Würzburgban tanult Tröltschnél 1858-ban, majd hazatérve a Rókus Kórházban kapott helyet, majd az egyetemen, mint rendkívüli tanár adja elő a fülészetet 1910-ig. Utána Krepuska Géza (1861-1949) (Kép) (Jakó professzor nagyapja) megteremti a modern fülészeti iskolát, és vezeti 1932-ig a Fülészeti Klinikát. Medikusoknak 1936-ig tartott előadásokat.
Rhinológia: Ez a szakma keletkezése is összefügg a műszerek kifejlesztésével, mint az orrtükrözés az orrspeculum által. Irsai könyvében megemlíti, hogy Markusovszky volt az első, aki orrspeculumot készített és használt már Voltolini előtt először a világon. Ezt a speculumot Professzor Jakó vélte felfedezni a Semmelweis Orvostörténeti Múzeumban. (Kép)
A rhinoscopia posteriort szintén Czermák fedezte fel és írta le részletesen a könyvében és alkalmazták Balassa, Navratil és Ónodi Klinikáin valamint az egész világon.
Ónodi Adolf (1857-1919) az Orr- Gége Klinika első nyilvános rendes tanára. Klinikáját a II. sz. Belklinikán helyezték el.
A gége beidegzésével és az orr- melléküregek anatomiájával kapcsolatos munkássága, atlaszai, kiemelkedőek és külföldön is elismertek. A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia első orr- gégész tagja. A második Professzor Jakó Géza kültag.
Az 1918 Tanácsköztársaságban részt vett. Szerepe miatt 1919-ben Bécsbe emigrál, majd abban az évben ott meghal.
Lénárt Zoltán 1941-ben megy nyugdíjba, az utána következő tanszékvezető tanárok:
Tátrallyai Wein Zoltán (1942-1945)
Germán Tibor (1945-1951) (Krepuska Géza volt adjunktusa)
Varga Gyula (1951-1966)
Révész György (1966-1985)
Ribári Ottó (1985-1997) kialakítja a modern fülsebészeti iskolát, bevezeti a cochlearis implantációkat, modernizálja a Klinikát és bevezeti a tudományos és kisérletes laboratóriumi kutatást a klinikáján. Tanítványai:
Répássy Gábor a SOTE Klinikáján
Sziklai István a Debreceni Klinikán lesznek tanszékvezető egyetemi tanárok.
Vitrin a Professzori szobában:
Tartalom:
Politzer Ádám fényképe dedikálva Krepuska Gézának.
Régi fül-hallótölcsér több, mint 100 éves.
Krepuska Géza Reichert mikroszkópia, amit az édesapjától kapott 1885-ben. Ezzel végezte bakterológiai és szövettani vizsgálatatit. Felső Eöri Cseresznyés Sándor könyve 1832-ből. Békésy György Nobel-Díjas könyve: Kisérletek a hallásról.
Az Amerikai Orvosi Társaság – AMA – tudományos aranyérme Jakó Gézának a lézersebészet felfedezéséért – 1972
Egyéb tárgyak:
Régi fül- és gégészeti műszerek Czermák N. János aláírt képe-nyomat.
Czermák kép
Helmholtz kép
Régi alkohol-melegítő gégetükörhöz
Anton von Trölsch képe
Politzer bronz érme
Bőke-Navratil-Krepuska bronz érem
Régi fém fejtükör dr. Kelemen Györgytől
Alsó fiók Gyergyai Árpád kolozsvári orr- gége fülgyógyászati professzor külön lenyomatai
Fül- Orr- Gége histopathológia transzparens színes kép kiállítás
készítették prof. Jakó, prof Répássy és dr. Tóth Miklós
Festmények a professzori iroda és szobában:
| Szalóki Navratil Imre |
| Dr. Krepuska Géza |
| Dr. Lénárt Zoltán |
| Dr. Tátrallyai Wein Zoltán |
Képek dedikálva dr. Répássy és Dr. Jakó professzoroknak világhírű fül- orr- gége professzorok által:
Prof. Horst L. Wullstein |
|
Vitrin asztal:
A tanterem hátsó bejáratánál.
Tartalmaz:
Régi fül-orr-gégészeti műszereket
A világon első Eustach kürt endoszkópja (készítette prof. Dr. Jakó Géza – 1965)
Dr. Krepuska Géza és Dr. Kelemen György Laboratórium
Dr. Krepuska Géza orvostanhallgató korától a fül- szövettani metszeteit készítette magyar és világviszonylatban is elsőként. Az első és talán az utolsó otohistopathológus Magyarországon. Fiatalabb tanítványa és munkatársa, Dr. Kelemen György, aki később Bostonban és Los Angelesben volt professzor és az otohistopathológia világhírű művelője.
Sziklacsont - Temporal Bone - Laboratórium
Dr. Ribári Ottóról kapta a nevét.
Ő, mint a Klinika igazgatója vezette be a rendszeres fülműtéti oktatást emberi kadáver sziklacsonton gyakorolva. A Laboratóriumot továbbra is rendszeresen használják a magyar szakorvosok fülsebészeti oktatásában.
A professzori szobában és a Sziklacsont melletti Laboratóriumban vannak elhelyezve régi fül- orr- gégészeti könyvek és külön lenyomatok. Egy részük több, mint 100 éves.
SZIKLACSONT LABORATÓRIUMI KÉPEK
Sziklacsont műtét gyakorló laboratórium
Sziklacsont - temporal bone - laboratórium
Sziklacsont laboratórium
Régi könyvek a Sziklacsont laboratórium mellett
Dr. Jakó új fülműtéti technikáinak képe
Compiled by:
Geza J. Jakó MD ScD
Gabor Repassy, MD PhD
Contributors:
Zoltan Dekany MD
Otto Ribari MD PhD DSc
- 2008 -
INTRODUCTION
Formal medical education began in Hungary in 1770 by a decree of Empress Maria Theresa establishing the first medical school in Nagyszombat (which is now Tranava-Slovakia). Prior to this time students from Hungary studied in Western European countries. The medical school in 1777 was moved to Buda and in 1784 relocated in Pest.
The first book on the human ear was published by physician Sandor Cseresznyes in 1832. In 1857 the founder of the first "Weekly Hungarian Medical Journal", Lajos Markusowszky, describes an instrument which we now would consider the first nasal speculum. In 1858 Nepomuk John Czermak, professor of physiology at that time in Pest, demonstrates on himself the use of the laryngeal mirror with artificial light. He also used a small mirror to view the nasopharynx. He introduced the term "rhinoscopia posterior."
John Balassa, Professor of Surgery at the St. Rokus teaching hospital in Pest, in cooperation with Czermak used the laryngeal mirror on patients for the first time in medical history. In 1859 they published the first clinical results in the "Weekly Hungarian Medical Journal." We can consider this event the birth of laryngology. Balassa was also one of the pioneers of plastic surgery. One of Balassa's assistants, Imre Navratil, became especially interested in using the artificial light and mirrors for examination and treatment of patients with laryngeal and nasal pathology. Czermak and Balassa's initial work then spurred great interest throughout Europe and the United States.
In the famous St. Rokus hospital where Ignac Semmelweis worked and fought worldwide to have his discovery of asepsis accepted, was the first outpatient clinic for laryngology and rhinology established in 1862. This and an inpatient unit in 1867 was headed by Imre Navratil (1833-1919) He was a surgeon and the first laryngologist and rhinologist in Hungary .In 1865 he performed the first laryngeal surgery with the aid of a mirror and special instruments. In 1967 he wrote the first Hungarian book on surgical techniques wish included larynx and nose. Navratil was a prolific writer wrote several books on laryngology and rhinology. In his book on Surgery of the Larynx published in 1869, he defined the indications for endo and extralaryngeal operations and reported case histories. He performed the first total laryngectomy in Hungary in 1869.
In 1893 Navratil became chairman and professor of surgery at the University. He had a subsection for laryngology and rhinology with 27 inpatient beds.
The following specialist worked with him and contributed pioneering developments in rhinolaryngology: Karoly Morelli, Lajos Polyak, Mor Deutsch, Hugo Zwillinger, Miksa Steiner, Elemer Tovolgyi, Karoly Schiller, Zakarias Donogany, Sandor Lipscher, Jozsef Neumann(Nemai) and Zoltan Lenart.
At the University connected children's hospital chaired by Professor Janos Bokai sen. was aware of the importance of laryngology and rhinology and he organized an outpatient clinic. He appointed Ede Lory to run the clinic. He was than followed by Edmond Baumgarten. In the 1870s outpatient clinics of laryngology were established in the Departments II and III of Internal Medicine under the direction of Arthur Irsay and Adolf Onodi.
Adolf Onodi(1857-1919) became a significant contributor to laryngology and especially rhinology. His work of scientific value appeared in 1893 dealing with nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. A comprehensive work was published in 1895 on the innervation of the larynx.
Onodi was best known internationally for his anatomical works and atlases of the nose and paranasal sinuses. In 1912 he published a monograph in English "Diseases, pathology and therapy of the paranasal sinuses. Some of his well known anatomical specimens of paranasal sinuses are in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London. Part of it was destroyed during the bombings of the second world war.
In the other major municipal hospital the Saint John hospital at the 1990s laryngology was headed by Lajos Polyak,he was an excellent laryngologist and plastic surgeon. In his time he was considered the best specialist for laryngeal tuberculosis. He developed the West-Polyak technique for the lacrimal gland.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTOLOGY IN HUNGARY
In Wurzburg von Troltsch introduced the use of ear speculum in 1858. The Hungarian Gyula Boke(1832-1918) was one of his early assistants until he returned to Pest in 1862.He was given an otology outpatient facility at the teaching hospital of St. Rokus in 1867 and an inpatient ward with 24 beds in 1887. He also served as a clinical professor of otology at the University. He wrote the first medical book on Otology in 1868.
His assistants were: Erno Vali, Sandor Rejto, Laszlo Fleischmann, Ede Schwarz, Odon Pogany Hugo Lorenz
The next major person and pioneer of Hungarian scientific and clinical otology was GEZA KREPUSKA(1861-1949).He completed his studies in the evangelic secondary school and graduated from the Medical University in Pest .As a medical student he worked in the Institute of Anatomy under Professor Mihalkovics and later became assistant professor of anatomy. He developed techniques for temporal bone histology, studied embryonic and adult temporal bones, normal and pathological.
Later his interest turned toward otology and left for Vienna where he worked under Politzer,Gruber and Urbantschitsch. After Krepuska returned to Pest, he worked at the St.-John's hospital and later at the St. Stephen's hospital. While doing clinical work he regularly worked with the Institute of Pathology directed by famous pathologist Otto Pertik.He collected and histologically processed temporal bones and brains of patients died in otologic intracranial complications and other diseases. He moved to the St. Rokus teaching hospital in 1911 as head of the department. In 1919 he was appointed as chairman and the first University Professor of Otology. He had a large outpatient clinic and 28 inpatient beds.Geza Krepuska was known in Europe as the great expert of otologic intracranial complications. In his time he had the best treatment records of otologic cerebral and cerebellar abscesses. He was honorary member of European otologic societies including Italian. His famous school of Otology included well known otologists as: Sandor Szatmari,Gyula Verzar,Tibor German,Jeno Szeker,Jeno Alfoldy,George Kelemen, Istvan Krepuska, Pal Tamasi.
Another well known otologist in Budapest in the first part of the XXth century was: Bela Torok (1871-1925). He completed medical studies at the University of Budapest and graduated in 1896.First he studied at the St. Rokus Hospital than he worked in the Surgery department of the Charite' Hospital in Berlin under Professor Trautmann. Than he became a specialist in otologic surgery under Professor Jansen. He returned to Budapest and worked as chief of otology at the St. John's hospital until his death in 1925.
In 1921 he presented a paper "Education of the hard of hearing people" at the Medical Society, in this he called for special education of deaf people. It resulted in the establishment of the Hungarian Society of the Hard of Hearing People in 1923.He received the title of Associate Professor from the University. With assistance of engineer George von Bekessy, they constructed the first electrical audiometer on the world (1922-1924).
His students were: Arpad Gotze, Jeno Szeker, Ferenc Madi Kovacs, Ferenc Banhidi, Aurel Draskovich, Miklos Varady Szabo, Gusztav Barczy.
At the end of the XIX Century a Hungarian researcher Professor of Experimental Pathology Endre Hogyes (1847-1906) did the first research on the vestibular labyrinth. He discovered the reflex connection between the semicircular canal and eye movements. He published three articles on the neural regulation of the associated eye movements in the periodical Therapy (1881; III, 1884) Unfortunately his excellent works have been published only in Hungarian.
Zoltan Lenart (1870-1953) becomes in 1922 the head of rhinology and laryngology. at the St. Rokus Hospital and full professor at the Medical University . Otology at the University and St Rokus hospital still a separate department until Geza Krepuska retires in 1933.Than Lenart assumes the chairmanship for both departments at the Medical University. In 1936 the joint department moves into the present building of the University Ear-Nose and Throat Hospital,.Lenart studied laryngology in Vienna and Berlin, he also worked at the pathology department..He became a pioneer of laryngeal cancer surgery in Hungary, operating on hundreds of cancer patients.
In 1943 Zoltan Tatrallyai Wein (1887-1954) becames the chairman and after the war ended in 1945 Tibor German(1888–1951) is appointed to the chair. German was a student of Krepuska and his interests included otogenic intracranial complications and examination techniques of the vestibular organ..His contribution was the Veits-German vestibular test.
Gyula Varga (1902-1973)directed the department from 1951 till 1966 and Gyorgy Revesz (1913-1987) until 1985.
The next outstanding otolaryngologist Otto Ribari took over the chairmanship and professorship in 1985 and served until 1997. Under his leadership major advances happened including new surgical techniques in the treatment of chronic otitis media and otosclerosis. He introduced first cochlear implantation with his new technique, micro and laser surgery of the larynx in Hungary. He developed modern teaching programs for the residents and advanced teaching programs for specialist. He became honorary member of many international societies and celebrated lecturer. He contributed greatly to increase the work and facilities for basic and clinical research at his Institution. He organized several international congresses is Hungary. He retired in 1997.
Gabor Repassy, pathologist and otolaryngologist Ribari's former staff member took over the department. He expanded head and neck surgery. He also studied abroad Austria, Germany, Boston
Pittsburgh. He is member or honorary member of many international and US societies. He is on the editorial board of 3 major US Otolaryngological publications. His main clinical interest and contributions are in oncologic surgery and cochlear implantation . .
There are 4 medical schools with ENT departments in Hungary: Budapest, Debrecen, Pecs and Szeged.
Debrecen: the second department was created there and a former Krepuska assistant was appointed Professor and Chaiman Gyula Verzar..He was followed by Imre Jakabfi, Istvan Lampe, Gabor Repassy and Istvan Sziklai.
Sziklai is known for his inner ear research work, He spent time with Peter Dallos in Chicago.
Pecs: initially it was an outpatient clinic. In 1953 it became a University department, headed by Jeno Szeker, he was followed by Jeno Alfoldi (former Krepuska assistant) In 1975 Miklos Bauer took over and built up the department. His main interest centered on otologic surgery. He was followed by Joseph Pytel. He wrote a comprehensive book on Audiology.
Szeged: An outpatient clinic was started in 1922, wich than became a university department in 1960 headed by Joseph Szabon. He was followed by Otto Ribari and Jeno Czigner. Czigner is known for his work in oncologic head and neck surgery and laser surgery. His successor is Jozsef Jori.
There are several major municipal hospitals in Budapest. The oldest is the St. Rokus hospital where the first university departments were located.
After the University Ear Nose and Throat hospital was established in 1936 the rhinolaryngology and otology department functioned separately. Otology was led by Arpad Gotze, rhinolaryngology by Aurel Rethi.Rethi worked there from 1945 till 1967. He studied in Germany and worked with Onodi.He was a major internationally known laryngologist with research on the innervations of the larynx and pioneering surgical techniques for laryngeal stenosis. His original invention of the chimney cannula was shown by Jako in Boston to Montgomery which gave him the idea for the Montgomery Tube. Rethi introduced the hyoid resection in total laryngectomy. He also developed techniques for facial plastic-cosmetic surgery.
After Rethi's retirement the ear and nose-throat departments were combined. Presently it is headed by Prof. George Lichtenberg.
The second oldest municipal hospital is St John's, where otologists Bela Torok, Sandor Rejto Rhinolaryngologist: Lajos Polyak and Janos Safranek worked. The St Stephan's hospital had a history of well known otologists and rhino-laryngologist starting in the early XX th century. The best known was internationally Istvan Krepuska who trained many specialist from the United States in Budapest. He was a clinical professor at the University.
The large Jewish Charitable Hospital had excellent ear and nose-throat departments headed by Laszlo Fleischmann, Elemer Pollatschek, Pal Kepes, Pal Rehak. This Institution for 3 decades also served as a postgraduate medical school. Otolaryngology was headed by professors Laszlo Surjan, Laszlo, Z. Szabo. Surjan organized the National Audiology Network in the country.
In Metropolitan Budapest some 20 more hospitals function with otolaryngology departments. Among those is the Peterffy City Hospital, where well known specialists worked such as Laszlo Fleischmann, Tibor Missura, Geza J Jako, Andras Nako.
In the National Oncology Institute a head and neck department was organized by Prof. Ferenc Banhidi.
Pediatric otolaryngology department which is the largest in the country started with Ferenc Kallai at the Municipal Pal Heim Children's Hospital. He was followed by Jeno Hirschberg. The 2 University Children's Hospitals and other hospitals in Budapest have ear-nose-throat and bronchology sections, so in other large cities.
In Hungary all together some 82 hospitals including the university hospitals have ear-nose-throat sections.
The formal postgraduate training is 5 years presently, including 1 year general surgery. Specialty Board examinations started in 1936.There are some 600 certified specialists in the country.
The Hungarian Society of Otolaryngology was founded in 1893. In 1905 the 2 specialties were separated but joined again in 1933.The Society now has several sections: head and neck surgery, speech and hearing, pediatric otolaryngology, otologic microsurgery, rhinologyand otoneurology. The Society has biannual meetings with international participation, international honorary members are elected. The biannual meeting alternates with meetings of Audiology and Pediatric Otolaryngology. The Society also has monthly meetings at the University Ear-Nose-Throat, Head and Neck Surgery Hospital in Budapest.
In Hungary many international Congresses were held among those:
International Congress of Otology 1908
Collegium Otolaryngologicum Amititiae Sacrum 1909
Danube Symposium of Otolaryngology 1968
International Audiology Congress 1972
Danube Symposium of Otolaryngology 1978
XIIth World Congress of Otolaryngology (IFOS) 1980
International Otoneurological Congress 1990
Politzer Society 1996
International George Bekesy Symposium 2000
Inner Ear Biology, International Workshop 2004
Hungarian Otolaryngological Society and American Academy of Otolaryngology joint meeting 2004
There are many well known otolaryngologists and researchers who were born and studied in Hungary or Hungarian parentage worked in other European countries or overseas.
Adam Politzer(1853-1920) born in the small town of Albertirsa where his father was a physician. He studied in Budapest and Vienna and he became one of the pioneers of otology
Robert Barany (1876-1936) of Hungarian ancestry. He was professor of Otology in Vienna and later in Upsala. He continued the work of Hogyes on the vestibular-equilibrium system and he received the Nobel price in 1914.
George Kelemen (1890-1983) originally worked in Hungary moved to Boston in 1940and later to Los Angeles. He was internationally known for his histopathological work of the temporal bone.
Julius Waltner, Bela Marquit, Francis M. Fodor graduated from Hungarian medical schools and were professors in New York City.
George von Bekessy was professor of experimental physics in Budapest. Later he worked at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm and Harvard University. He received the Nobel price for his studies of the mechanics of the middle and inner ear.
Geza J. Jako Graduated from Semmelweis Medical University in 1954, worked in Budapest until 1956 immigrated to U.S. to Harvard University in Boston. Pioneered micro and laser surgery cochlear implantation, tympanoplasty proceduces. Federal government advisor for otolaryngology and General Medical Sciences, White House, Presidental advisor for Concer. Professor of Otolariyngology and Biomedical Engineering in Boston, member Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Péter Koltai born in Hungary, Chairman and Professor Stanford University in California.
Tamás Hacki graduated from Semmelweis University Professor of Phoniatrics and Otolaryngology Regensburg University - Germany
